Interaktion ohne Grenzen Interaction without borders Band 1 | Volume 1 Interaktion ohne Grenzen Beispiele archäologischer Forschungen am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts Interaction without borders Exemplary archaeological research at the beginning of the 21st century herausgegeben von | edited by Berit Valentin Eriksen, Angelika Abegg-Wigg, Ralf Bleile & Ulf Ickerodt Band 1 | Volume 1 Schleswig 2017 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung von Archäologisches Landesmuseum in der Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig Carlsbergfondet, København Dronning Margrethe II’s Arkæologiske Fond, København Farumgaard-Fonden, København Verein zur Förderung des Archäologischen Landesmuseums e. V. Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie in der Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig Redaktion Angelika Abegg-Wigg und Isabel Sonnenschein unter Mitarbeit von Ronja Mücke und Nele Voß sowie Wilson Huntley (englische Lesekorrektur) und Annika Sirkin sowie Birte Anspach (Ortsverzeichnis) Einbandgestaltung Jürgen Schüller Foto Seite V Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig Layout und Herstellung Wachholtz Verlag, Kiel/Hamburg www.wachholtz-verlag.de Vertrieb Archäologisches Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein ( ALSH), Schleswig www.archaeologie.schleswig-holstein.de Bibliograische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliograie; detaillierte bibliograische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2017 Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig, und die Autoren ISBN 978-3-00-057735-2 Festschrift für Claus von Carnap-Bornheim zum 60. Geburtstag Inhaltsverzeichnis | Table of contents Band 1 | Volume 1 1 Vorwort 5 Preface 71 Kenneth Ritchie 79 Durch die Steinzeiten | Through the Stone Ages 11 Die spätjungpaläolithischen Stationen des Ahrensburger Tunneltals in neuen Kartenbildern (Gem. Ahrensburg, Kr. Stormarn) Ingo Clausen und Annette Guldin 23 35 Copper and water: aquatic resources in the Chalcolithic of south-eastern Europe Die archäologisch-tephrochronologischen Forschungen im Gebiet der Vulkangruppe Ključevskoj (Kamtschatka, Russland) Nikolaj A. Krenke, Maria M. Pevzner, Alexander N. Krenke und Sergej N. Čaukin 91 Ein schräger Typ. Eine Geweihspitze aus Lasbek (Kr. Stormarn) und ihr Verhältnis zum europäischen Jung- und Spätpaläolithikum Archaeological ish hooks from the coast of Antofagasta (northern Chile) and from northern continental Europe: a geometric morphometric analysis Markus Wild und Mara-Julia Weber Germán Manríquez, Diego Salazar, Valentina Figueroa, Sönke Hartz and Thomas Terberger Riesenbecher reloaded. Die mediale Bedeutung einer Fundkategorie und ein einzigartiger Keramikbefund von Göhl LA 142 Von der Bronzezeit zur Vorrömischen Eisenzeit | From the Bronze Age to the Pre-Roman Iron Age Sönke Hartz und Johannes Müller 103 49 63 Soul carriers to the afterlife? The context and meaning of the bird igurines from Riņņukalns Mechtild Freudenberg and Leif Glaser Mari Tõrv, Harald Lübke, John Meadows, Ilga Zagorska and Valdis Bērziņš 111 Ein radiokohlenstofdatiertes Grab der Glockenbecherkultur mit Fleischbeigabe und Cricetus cricetus von Oechlitz, Saalekreis 119 Matthias Becker und Madeleine Fröhlich The axe from Ahneby – non-destructive view with X-rays inside the object One face still lost but another gained Lars Larsson The ritual interplay: gold mining practices in the late 4th and early 3rd millennia BC Thomas Stöllner in collaboration with Irina Gambashidze. With an appendix from Tobias Skowronek, Antoine Courcier and Thomas Stöllner VII 137 Archäologische und archäobotanische Untersuchungen zu eisenzeitlichen Siedlungen in Wittenborn, Kr. Segeberg 249 Ingo Lütjens, Anna Elena Reuter und Wiebke Kirleis Magdalena Mączyńska und Ireneusz Jakubczyk 257 153 Das Gräberfeld der Wielbark-Kultur von Babi Dół-Borcz, Kr. Kartuzy, FSt. 2. Vorläuiger Abschlussbericht Hatten die Kelten in Nordwestböhmen überhaupt Durst? Bemerkungen zur latènezeitlichen Keramik Aus zwei mach eins? Beobachtungen an Relikten beigabenreicher Feuerbestattungen der jüngeren Römischen Kaiserzeit aus Niedersachsen Babette Ludowici Vladimir Salač 265 In der Römischen Kaiserzeit | In the Roman Iron Age 169 Zur inneren Struktur und Nutzung von Brandgräberfeldern während der Römischen Kaiserzeit in Schleswig-Holstein Angelika Abegg-Wigg Die römisch-kaiserzeitlichen Wurten Barward und Fallward im Land Wursten (Lkr. Cuxhaven). Aktuelle Forschungen und struktureller Vergleich mit der Feddersen Wierde 275 Annette Siegmüller 283 Life after death, or what shall we do with a broken brooch? Jacek Andrzejowski Germanische Tutulusibeln der Spätantike Horst Wolfgang Böhme 181 2017 – Ein Gruß aus Nordjütland an Claus von Carnap! 299 Jørgen Ilkjær Im Dienste Roms? Eine spätantike Zwiebelknopfibel aus Spiczyn bei Lublin Piotr Łuczkiewicz 185 Wachse oder weiche! Zu Schachtelhalm, Booten und Häusern im und um das Nydam-Moor in Sønderjylland 307 Hans Chr. H. Andersen, Per Ethelberg, Pernille Kruse und Orla Madsen 199 Size doesn’t matter – the small weapon deposit from Villestofte, Denmark Remarks on embossed foil decoration in the early Roman period. The stencil from Zagórzyce, Little Poland Michał Grygiel and Mar zena Przybyła 321 Xenia Pauli Jensen and Mogens Bo Henriksen Der Halsschmuck aus Grab 81 von Sörup II und sein stilistischer und technologischer Hintergrund Krzysztof Patalan 209 Mars an der Uecker. Römische Schwerter und germanische Krieger an der unteren Oder 335 Jens-Peter Schmidt und Hans-Ulrich Voß A rare ind of a double loop oval buckle from Warmia Adam Cieśliński 227 Ein Kriegergrab aus Rævekulebakke auf Bornholm mit einer außergewöhnlichen Ausstattung aus der jüngeren Römischen Kaiserzeit 347 Ulla Lund Hansen. Mit einem Beitrag von Ulla Mannering und Ina Vanden Berghe 239 Fullerö. Roman relections in the rural countryside of Uppland, Sweden Torun Zachrisson VIII Germanen am Limes. Riemenendbeschläge als Indikatoren für germanische Präsenz in römischen Militärlagern Suzana Matešić 357 Germanischer Import der jüngeren Römischen Kaiserzeit in der Germania inferior Dieter Quast 369 Gürteltasche auf Abwegen. Ein überraschender Fund aus dem Oka-Gebiet (Oblast’ Rjasan, Russland) 467 Uta von Freeden Jan Schuster 377 Scandinavian ire stones in the Balts’ lands. An inspiration to verify the chronology of Scandinavian inds? 479 Once more about Sarmatian and Germanic connections – from a new point of view. Looped strike-a-lights Der »Seherdaumen«. Zu ungleichen Geschwistern und der Relevanz von archäologischer Bildwissenschaft Alexandra Pesch Anna Bitner-Wróblewska 387 Silber auf den Zähnen … Ungewöhnliche Befunde im frühmittelalterlichen Gräberfeld von Frankfurt am Main-Harheim 493 Style I masks from Dalem, Mid-Norway – an interpretation Elna Siv Kristoffersen Eszter Istvánovits and Valéria Kulcsár 499 399 A igurine of Amor from Huczwice, Baligród Commune, Lesko District, in south-eastern Poland. A rare Roman import from the territory of the European Barbaricum Odin in Friesland. Scandinavian inluences in the southern North Sea area during the Migration and Early Merovingian Periods Johan A. W. Nicolay 515 Marcin Biborski Horse and rider igure from Bradwell, Norfolk: a new Early Anglo-Saxon equestrian image? Catherine Hills and Steven Ashley 411 Fragmente eines Glasbechers der Begram-Gruppe (Eggers Typ 186) aus Bordesholm, Schleswig-Holstein. Zu den emailbemalten Gläsern im mittelund nordeuropäischen Barbaricum 525 Horten und Deponieren im festländischen Europa zwischen Römischer Kaiser- und früher Karolingerzeit Matthias Hardt Andreas Rau 541 425 Roman coins in the West Lithuanian Stone Circle Graves Culture: estimated practicality or the dawn of a new phenomenon Zeit des Untergangs. Ein Hort spätawarischer Bronzen aus Dolné Orešany in der Westslowakei Karol Pieta und Matej Ruttkay Audronė Bliujienė and Donatas Butkus 443 Die Wurzeln des germanischen Münzwesens Aleksander Bursche und Kirill Myzgin Zwischen Römischer Kaiserzeit und Wikingerzeit | Between Roman Iron Age and Viking Age 457 Überlegungen zur gedrechselten Totenliege aus dem frühvölkerwanderungszeitlichen Grab von Poprad-Matejovce Nina Lau Inhaltsver ze ichnis | Table of Con te n ts IX Band 2 | Volume 2 In der Wikingerzeit | In the Viking Age 557 649 Die »Monsterplätze« Jelling zur Zeit Harald Blauzahns – ein weit ofenes Zentrum Anne Pedersen und Per Kristian Madsen Birgitta Hårdh 663 565 579 589 Überlegungen zu den frühen Phasen der Entwicklung von Haithabu Viking Age weaponry from the Volga-Oka conluence: a scabbard chape from Shekshovo in Suzdal Opolie Joachim Schultze Nikolai A. Makarov Prunkschwerter der jüngeren Wikingerzeit von Haithabu/Busdorf und vergleichbare Exemplare im Kontext von Herrschaft und Kirche 671 Michael Müller-Wille 683 Finds of wooden ship parts at Gnëzdovo Veronika Murasheva and Nadezhda Malysheva Doppelseitige Dreilagenkämme in Haithabu – Anzeichen einer späten Siedlungskontinuität? Grobiņa (Latvia): dwelling site of Scandinavians and Curonians Ingrīda Līga Virse Ingrid Ulbricht Im Mittelalter | In the Middle Ages 597 607 From Torksey to Füsing and Hedeby: gambling warriors on the move? 693 Andres S. Dobat Auf der Suche nach den Anfängen einer Fernhändlergilde in Haithabu und Schleswig. Ein historischer Längsschnitt ca. 800 – ca. 1200 Reviewing the functions of the Danevirke Christian Radtke Matthias Maluck 707 619 Små beviser for en stor præstation – zu den Spaten und Schaufeln vom Danewerk Schleswig – Lübeck: Raumhandeln an Hafen und Markt Ulrich Müller Astrid Tummuscheit und Frauke Witte 717 631 The Flensburg inlet in the Viking Age – a neglected maritime cultural landscape T horsten Lemm and Sven Kalmring Aus dem Nichts zur Weltmacht? Die ländliche Besiedlung der Waldzone Nordwestrusslands vor Beginn der Staatlichkeit. Geschichte und Perspektiven der Forschung Jens Schneeweiß Inhaltsver ze ichnis | Table of Conte n ts XI 731 Hillforts of the lower reaches of the River Daugava in the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century – interpretation matters 847 Arnis Radiņš 863 Zwei Pioniere der Wurtenforschung auf den Halligen: Schütte und van Gifen (1909) Egge Knol Friedrich Holter – ein fast vergessener Prähistoriker Andrzej Kokowski 741 Ein Holzsattel mit polychromer Bemalung aus dem Grab eines prußischen Reiters aus dem 11./12. Jahrhundert (Gräberfeld Aleika-3 auf der Halbinsel Samland) 877 Konstantin N. Skvorzov 757 Schellen der Wikinger- und Slawenzeit im Ostseeraum (8. – 12. Jahrhundert) Eine Sammlung aus der Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges in der Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen Schloss Gottorf? Heino Neumayer 887 Ralf Bleile Ein vergessener Bereich der »verlorenen Archäologie«. Das kaiserzeitliche Nadrauen im Lichte der Kartei von Herbert Jankuhn Wojciech Nowakowski 775 Lost in translation? A case of ambiguous pendants in the Final Iron Age (1050–1200/1250 AD) Estonia 893 Wolfgang Rabbel, Harald Stümpel und Dennis Wilken Tuuli Kurisoo 901 Methoden, Forschungsgeschichte, Sammlungen und Vermittlung | Methods, history of research, collections and mediation 785 Archäologie – und nationalistische Narrative? Blickwinkel aus Ungarn – Ausblick nach Europa Eine Vergesellschaftung unterschiedlicher Typen: von Menschen in der Detektorgruppe Schleswig-Holstein 917 929 Ostpreußen reloaded Timo Ibsen, Jaroslaw A. Prassolow und Heidemarie Eilbracht 833 Oscar Montelius, archäologische Systematik und der Nachweis von historischen Zusammenhängen Ulf Ickerodt XII Allvater – Gottvater? Die nordischen Mythen im Rahmen der Gesamtkonzeption des Neuen Museums Matthias Wemhoff Das Danewerk – der Wandel eines nationalen Symbols Nis Hardt 819 Von Brennstein und Strohräubern – Bernstein-Wanderwege aus linguistischer Perspektive Isabel Sonnenschein Ruth Blankenfeldt und Eicke Siegloff 809 Bears and beavers. ‘ The Browns ’ in daily life and spiritual world Ulrich Schmölcke, Daniel Groß and Elena A. Nikulina Eszter Bánffy 797 Geophysik, Technik und die Welt der Wikinger 943 Ortsverzeichnis | Index of places Once more about Sarmatian and Germanic connections – from a new point of view Looped strike-a-lights Eszter Istvánovits and Valéria Kulcsár For the better understanding and analysis of the Sarmatian world in the Carpathian Basin, it is not enough to study the relatively well (but not suiciently!) researched and known Sarmatian-Roman and Roman-Sarmatian relations. Beside this, it is necessary to take into consideration and examine Sarmatian-other Barbarian, other Barbarian-Sarmatian connections. In this regard scholarship has concentrated mainly on Germanic tribes. In the present paper we once more comment on this topic, focusing on a usually neglected type of objects: iron strike-a-lights found in Sarmatian burials and settlements of the Carpathian Basin 1. Strike-a-lights do not belong to inds generally widespread among the Sarmatian material of the Great Hungarian Plain. However, they occur in male, female and child graves alike. We have to note that examination of these objects is not easy. As a consequence of heavy looting of the graves and unfavourable soil conditions of the Middle Danube region, we have a great number of iron objects of ‘ unknown function ’ in excavation material, so in many cases we are not able to say whether we are dealing with a strike-a-light or some other iron object, and it is hopeless to determine its exact shape and type. At the same time, it must be emphasized that in Sarmatian burials regularly occur implements mostly described as ‘ iron awl in wooden sheath ’ (Fig. 1,6). In connection with awls, it has been suggested in several cases that in reality these implements with wooden handles served as strike-a-lights, for example in Illerup (Ilkjær 1993, 253) or in Late Sarmatian Crimean cemeteries of Druzhnoe (Fig. 1,3–5) and Neizats 2. According to Ilkjær such strike-a-lights have drilled handles and much larger points than awls. They are usually accompanied by ovoid stones and not chipped lints. In Sarmatian burials of the Carpathian Basin, bad preservation of the artefacts does not allow us to make such detailed observations and only chipped lints (Fig. 1,10) – if any – are found in the graves. In this article we collected deinable pieces of iron strikea-lights of regular rectangular shape or rectangular ones slightly narrowing towards the top (Fig. 2). Most of them were supplied with a loop on the top, hammered out and recurved from the narrow end of the iron rod. In three cases the function of suspension seems to be reached rather by perforation and not by loop (Fig. 3,4.7). These loops (and perforations), with great probability, served for hanging onto the belt (Jonakowski 1996, pl. VI ; von Carnap-Bornheim 2002, ig. 25). This is the only type of such tools that can be well characterized in Sarmatian material: the rest of the material of the kind includes pieces of iron, mostly fragmented, the original shape of which is hard to deine. We must underline that the presence of ire implements of this type in Sarmatian burials is a ‘ western innovation ’, because we hardly know of any of them in the steppe burials; only ire stones are sometimes found in graves. As exceptions, two pieces made of iron shafts bent in the form of a rectangle or oval, dated to the early Sarmatian period, can be mentioned from the Lower Don region (Maximenko 1983, 70 ig. 41,12; Fig. 4,10). Tools considered to be awls are also extremely rare (Moshkova 1989a, 187; 1989 b, 199). In Hungary, it was Mihály Párducz who irst dealt with strikea-lights, categorizing them as parts of the so-called ‘ shepherd’s purse ’ that included ire implements, iron awl, knife, 1 This study has been written in the framework of OTKA (Hungarian Scientiic Research Fund) project N 104980. 2 Oral information kindly provided by Igor Khrapunov (Simferopol). 387 Fig. 1 1 Druzhnoe, grave 58 (after Khrapunov 2002, ig. 142,4); 2–5 Druzhnoe, grave 4 (after Khrapunov 2002, ig. 75,29–32); 6 Nyíregyháza-Felsősima (motorway M3, site 161), grave 124; 7–8 Aquincum, grave 56 (after Topál 1993, pl. 40,7–8); 9 Cserszegtomaj (after Mráv 2014, ig. 6); 10 Nyíregyháza-Felsősima (motorway M3, site 161), grave 11. whetstone, sometimes a Roman coin (Párducz 1956, 167). For a long time, this was the only aspect that scholarship took into consideration. Later, in the publicization of the EndrődSzujókereszt cemetery, Andrea Vaday and Béla Miklós Szőke considered looped strike-a-lights as having ‘ almost everywhere a common shape, spreading from southern Russia through Romania up to Germanic territories ’ (Vaday/Szőke 1983, 117). In her PhD thesis, Andrea Vaday classiied looped pieces as ‘ so-called Germanic type ’ (‘ Im Karpatenbecken trugen und gebrauchten die Sarmaten auch die sog. Feuerstähle germanischen Typs, deren Ende hakenförmig gebogen oder beide Enden zurückgebogenen wurden ’; Vaday 1989, 121). It was noticed by several scholars that lints and strike-alights do not necessarily occur together. Sometimes we ind only lints in graves, sometimes complete sets for ire making (for a detailed history of the problem, see Korom 2002). The basic studies, including typology and chronology of the 388 E . I s t vá n ovits / V. K u lcs á r objects in question, were published by Andrzej Kokowski and Mirosłav Jonakowski. In 1985, 152 iron strike-a-lights from the Przeworsk territory were taken into consideration and classiied in a detailed typology. The time span of looped strike-a-lights of diferent types covers the period between B2 and C2 (Kokowski 1985; Jonakowski 1996). According to J. Ilkjær, who uses the term ‘ Polish strike-a-lights ’, these ire implements also appear beside the classical Przeworsk territory at the sites of the Czech Republic and in Scandinavia (only rare inds) mostly in the same period (Ilkjær 1993, 250–251). Claus von Carnap-Bornheim, who collected looped strike-a-lights in connection with the royal grave from Mušov, cited pieces from Czech sites from the same time period (von Carnap-Bornheim 2002, 234–238). From the Sarmatian cemetery and settlement material, we collected 27 pieces and the function of two more (Szentes- Nagyhegy: Fig. 4,5; Üllő, site 9) is questionable. Most of them belong to Kokowski type IA or Jonakowski type 1A, dated from B2 to C1. Some of them widen towards their ends; others have straight shafts. As was mentioned above, we are dealing in most of the cases with fragments or fragmentary pieces and it is impossible to determine the exact shape and size of the objects. Most Sarmatian pieces occur in ind assemblages dated to the period after the Marcomannic Wars up to the 3rd century, which more or less corresponds to the dating of Przeworsk strike-a-lights. The latter appeared in burials earlier. In rare cases, these objects appear in Sarmatian milieu in somewhat later assemblages, for example from Madaras-Halmok, but we should add that the dating of the burials in question is unstable (in many cases all that can be said about the chronology of these graves is that they belong to the 3rd to 4th century; Tab. 1). Considering the geographical distribution of the inds we can assume that looped strike-a-lights were generally spread over the whole Great Hungarian Plain and do not show any concentration in this or that region (Fig. 2). Considering the origin of these tools in the Sarmatian milieu of the Carpathian Basin, the common opinion is that they come from the Germanic world, namely the Przeworsk Culture. It would be logical to suggest, taking into consideration that looped strike-a-lights were found in much larger numbers at Polish sites (and in border territories of the culture) than in the Hungarian Plain. If this is true, it is diicult to answer the question how these ire implements were adopted by Sarmatians. In all of the known cases, looped strike-a-lights were accompanied by typical Sarmatian grave goods placed beside the deceased buried according to Sarmatian burial rite. As already mentioned, the geographical distribution of the inds does not show any special feature, so we cannot say that ‘ Polish ’ strike-a-lights appear in the region bordering Germanic territories, that is to say, in the northern part of the Sarmatian area (the same situation applies to other objects of Germanic origin in the Sarmatian environment; Istvánovits/Kulcsár 2000). So, ire implements did not arrive on the Hungarian Plain brought by foreigners. They may have been products of trade, but it seems to be highly unlikely that such objects of everyday use were imported from distant tribes. At the same time, we should not forget that strike-a-lights of similar construction appear in Roman graves of Pannonia starting from the last third of the 1st century. A good example comes from the burial of a Roman warrior of assumedly autochthonous origin from Cserszegtomaj (Fig. 1,9; Mráv 2014, 105; 112) 3. They continue to exist in later Pannonian inds, for example in Aquincum’s western cemetery, grave 56, dated to the irst third of the 3rd century (Fig. 1,7–8; Topál 1993, 30 pl. 40,7–8); Solva, grave 270, dated to the middle to second half of the 4th century (Kelemen 2008, 61; 98; 107 pl. 63; 270,1) or Keszthely-Dobogó, grave 3, also from the 4th century (Sági 1981, 9; 11 ig. 2,5.8). The interpretation Fig. 2 Distribution of looped strike-a-lights in the Sarmatian Barbaricum of the Carpathian Basin. of these inds in Roman provincial research is inequable: for example, Wolfgang Czysz mentions a looped strike-alight from Günzburg, grave 860, as an example of Germanic presence in the late Roman cemetery (Czysz 2002, 203 ig. 249,9). In the 4th century, looped strike-a-lights of type IA2 after Kokowski start to appear, though not in large numbers (in 2014 six pieces were counted), at the sites of the Cherniakhov culture (Magomedov 2001, 86; Varachova 2014, 288–290 ig. 7) and, probably as the impact of the latter, in the Crimean Sarmatian cemeteries already mentioned (Fig. 1,1–2; Khrapunov 2002, ig. 75,32; 142,4) 4. Roman provincial scholarship did not pay special attention to objects of this type, which – in many cases – were as fragmentary and poorly preserved as Sarmatian ones. To summarize what has been said above, the following assumptions may be proposed. Looped strike-a-lights appeared in Przeworsk and Roman assemblages practically at the same time. They are somewhat older than the material 3 We thank Zsolt Mráv for consulting us on the topic. 4 Typologically and technologically related pieces from Druzhnoe do not exactly correspond to the classical ‘ Polish ’ looped strike-a-lights, but represent the same idea and taste, which, in our opinion, is much more important than strict deinition of the type. Loope d Strike-a-lig h ts 389 Fig. 3 1 Nyíregyháza-Felsősima (motorway M3, site 161), grave 97; 2 Bükkábrány-Bánya XI/A , grave 218; 3 Debrecen-Hortobágyhíd, grave 15; 4 Nyíregyháza-Felsősima (motorway M3, site 161), grave 124; 5 Bačka Topola; 6 Tiszavasvári-Paptelekhát, grave 17; 7 Bugac-Bimbó; 8 Sződliget-Csörög, grave 26; 9 Szeged-Tápé, grave 5; 10 Csanytelek-Újhalastó, grave 112; 11 Szeged-Tápé, grave 22; 12 Endrőd-Szujókereszt, grave 89; 13 Kunfehértó, Kovács-tanya, grave 3. 390 E . I s t vá n ovits / V. K u lcsá r Fig. 4 1 Kunfehértó, Kovács-tanya, grave 5; 2 Hévízgyörk, grave 28; 3 Madaras-Halmok, grave 43; 4 MadarasHalmok, grave 160; 5 Szentes-Nagyhegy, grave 20; 6 Madaras-Halmok, grave 230; 7 Madaras-Halmok, grave 553; 8 Madaras-Halmok, grave 139; 9 Madaras-Halmok, grave 396; 10 Khutor Popov (after Maximenko 1983, ig. 41,12). from western Sarmatia, where they become well known after the Marcomannic Wars and stay in fashion for about 100 years. They then disappear from the well datable Sarmatian ind assemblages of the 4th– 5th centuries. (In the late Roman period – end of the 3rd to the 4th century – iron strike-a-lights supplied with loops appear in the cemeteries and settlements of the Cherniakhov culture.) No deinitive conclusions can be made about the place of origin (who invented this type of ire implement). It is true that in the Przeworsk territory the objects in question spread in greater numbers than in the Hungarian Plain. However, these numbers cannot be objectively compared because of the heavy looting observed in the case of Sarmatian graves and much better preservation of Germanic Looped Strike -a-li g h ts 391 Tab. 1 Dating of graves with strike-a-lights. pieces mostly buried in cremation graves and better preserved from ire. A possible solution would be to suggest common – La Tène – roots. However, we did not succeed in inding any iron strike-a-lights in Celtic material 5. In Sarmatian material culture they could appear as a result of both Roman and Germanic impacts. Area: 166 × 140 cm; depth: 74 cm. A badly corroded, plain, rectangular iron strike-a-light with a loop. Length: 4.3 cm; width: 1 cm (Fig. 3,7). Other inds: ive wheel-made and twelve handmade pottery side fragments. The dating of the settlement is based on AMS examinations: 2nd century, probably existing up to the 3rd century. Sóskuti in print. Catalogue of inds 6 3. Bükkábrány-Bánya XI/A , grave 218 (Hungary, County of 1. Bačka Topola-Klanica/Bácstopolya-Bánkert, grave 44 (Serbia, Vojvodina) S-N oriented looted grave. Two fragments of an iron strike-a-light, the loop made of recoiled narrowing terminal (Fig. 3,5). Other inds: fragments of two rectangular iron buckles, grey, wheel-made bowl. End of the 2nd to the 3th century? Szekeres 1999, 495 pl. III,5. Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén) 8 NE-SW oriented, badly looted grave of a male adult. Iron looped strike-a-light with rectangular cross section, slightly widening towards its end. Length: 8.7 cm; width: 1.20 cm (Fig. 3,2). Other inds: silver belt set with strap-end, fragments of buckle, fragments of iron knife, Domitianus silver denar, coin iron clamp. Turn of the 3rd century. Tutkovics 2015. 2. Bugac-Bimbó, Feature 37/39 (Hungary, County of Bács-Kiskun) 7 Middle-sized, beehive-shaped settlement pit. 392 E . I s t vá n ovits / V. K u lcsá r 4. Csanytelek-Újhalastó, grave 112 (Hungary, County of Csongrád) SSW-NNE oriented, partly excavated grave of an adult man, surrounded by a ditch. Iron looped strike-a-light and a lint attached to the strikea-light through corrosion (Fig. 3,10). Other inds: iron knife, Trajan’s silver denarius (101–102, RIC 2.10), pieces of iron awl, fragments of – probably – iron bracelet, bronze brooch with inverted foot, large green glass bead incrusted with wavy lines, wheel-made grey vessel. All the objects, except for the vessel, were found on the right side of the skeleton suggesting that they were placed in a so-called ‘ shepherd’s purse ’. 2nd–3rd century. Vörös 1994, 265–266; 271 ig. 3. 5. Debrecen-Hortobágyhíd, grave 15 (Hungary, County of Hajdú-Bihar) N-S (?) oriented grave. Looped, widening strike-a-light above the left side of the pelvis, inside the limb. Length: 8 cm (Fig. 3,3). Other inds: two lints, painted wheel-made vessel, iron knife. 2nd century. Párducz 1941, 48 pl. VII,9; Maróti/Vaday 1980, 91; Istvánovits 1990, 95 pl. X,5. 6. Endrőd-Szujókereszt, grave 89 (Hungary; today: Gyomaendrőd, County of Békés) S-N oriented grave of an adult male laid in coin. Iron looped strike-a-light by the right hand with remains of leather strap in the upper part (Fig. 3,12). Other inds: trumpet-shaped bronze brooch. Second half of the 2nd century. Vaday/Szőke 1983, 88; 115 ig. 10,11; 27. 7. Herpály, barrow III or IX (Hungary; today: Berettyóújfalu, County of Hajdú-Bihar) Iron looped strike-a-light with circular cross section. Length: 5.8 cm. Exact dating is questionable. Unpubl., Déri Museum, Debrecen, not inventoried. SE-NW oriented, looted grave of an adult male, surrounded by a ditch. Fragment of an iron looped strike-a-light with rectangular cross section, together with a lint. Length: 4.7 cm; width: 1.5 cm (Fig. 3,13). Other inds: fragments of a torque, iron knife. 2nd to possibly 3rd century. Vörös 2015, 70–80 pl. II,4. 10. Kunfehértó, Kovács-tanya, grave 5 SE-NW oriented, looted grave of a boy (?) of the age group Infans II (10–11 years), surrounded by a ditch. Fragments of an iron looped strike-a-light with rectangular cross section, broken into two pieces (Fig. 4,1). Other inds: wheel-made grey bowl, small bronze T-brooch, two chalk beads, bronze bell, two triangular bronze pendants, iron knife. 2nd to possibly 3rd century. Vörös 2015, 73; 80 pl. III,3. 11. Madaras-Halmok, grave 43 (Hungary, County of Bács-Kiskun) SE-NW oriented, looted grave of a Juvenis, originally covered by a barrow mound. Fragments of an iron looped strike-a-light (Fig. 4,3). Other inds: wheel-made vessel, S-shaped coin clamps, one glass and two amber beads, fragments of a light green glass vessel with polished ovals, fragments of iron nails. 3rd–4th century. Kőhegyi/Vörös 2011, 34 pl. 10,3. 12. Madaras-Halmok, grave 139 SE-NW oriented looted barrow grave of an adult male, surrounded by a ditch. Iron looped strike-a-light widening towards its end, with rectangular cross section; beside it, grey lint and iron awl (Fig. 4,8). Other inds: iron awl, bronze buckle and two bronze strap-ends, iron knife, bronze denarius of Septimus Severus, handmade pot, two black glass beads with incrusted wavy 8. Hévízgyörk, grave 28 (Hungary, County of Pest) NW-SE oriented grave of an adult male. By the right limb, fragments of iron looped strike-a-light, awl and lint (Fig. 4,2). Other inds: waist and shoe belt sets, pieces of horse harness, Przeworsk type buckle with double prong, Przeworsk type arrowheads, sword, gilded Einsprossenibel type brooch, iron knife. Middle to second half of the 2nd century. Dinnyés 1991, 167; 173 pl. 13,12. 9. Kunfehértó, Kovács-tanya, grave 3 (Hungary, County of Bács-Kiskun) 5 We thank Erzsébet Jerem and Katalin Almássy for their consultations. 6 When collecting the inds, we proited a lot from an MA dissertation by Anita Korom. We thank her for the opportunity to use the manuscript of the unpublished dissertation (Korom 2002). Two questionable pieces (Szentes-Nagyhegy and Üllő, site 9) were included in the catalogue, but not numbered. 7 We thank Kornél Sóskuti for the opportunity to use his manuscript in print. 8 We thank Eszter Tutkovics for the opportunity to use her manuscript in print. Loope d Strike-a-lig h ts 393 lines, fragment of a bronze bell. 3rd century. Kőhegyi/Vörös 2011, 59 pl. 29,4. and antoninianus of Hostilian. Other ind: iron coin clamp. Middle of the 3rd century. Kőhegyi/Vörös 2011, 153 pl. 113,2. 13. Madaras-Halmok, grave 160 S-N oriented looted grave of a Juvenis-Adultus female (deformed skull). Fragment of an iron looped, trapezoid strike-a-light (Fig. 4,4). Other inds: hydroquarzite nucleus with traces of use and rust, fragment of an iron awl, bronze bracelet, two-piece iron Armbrustibel, iron knife. 3rd–4th century. Kőhegyi/Vörös 2011, 65 pl. 36,4. 14. Madaras-Halmok, grave 230 S-N oriented double grave (adult man and a girl). Under the left foot: fragments of iron objects, possibly iron looped strike-a-light and radiolarite fragments (Fig. 4,6). Other inds: bronze half torque, upper string bronze faceted ibula with inverted foot, rectangular bronze objects, two bronze and one iron bracelet, fragment of a chalk bead, fragments of iron strap-ends, fragment of a knife, fragment of a two-piece bronze Armbrustibel. 3rd century. Kőhegyi/Vörös 2011, 83 pl. 53,9. 15. Madaras-Halmok, grave 393 SE-NW oriented, looted grave of an adult male. Fragments of an iron looped strike-a-light, fragments of a radiolite nucleus. Other inds: handmade mug, fragments of a bronze crossbow ibula, bronze bell, bronze pendant, two glass beads, fragment of a bronze buckle, fragments of iron plates. End of the 2nd to the 3rd century. Kőhegyi/Vörös 2011, 123. 16. Madaras-Halmok, grave 396 S-N oriented, looted grave of an adult male. By the ankles: iron looped strike-a-light with rounded terminal and rectangular cross section (Fig. 4,9). Other inds: beside the strike-a-light an iron needle, Marcus Aurelius denarius, circular enamelled ibula with chequer ornament, grey wheel-made jug, piece of hydroquarzite, fragment of an iron knife. Second half of the 2nd to the 3rd century. Kőhegyi/Vörös 2011, 124 pl. 90,15. 17. Madaras-Halmok, grave 553 NW-SE oriented grave disturbed by later graves. Juvenis male. Fragments of an iron looped strike-a-light with circular cross section (Fig. 4,7), in wooden casket, accompanied by an iron knife, fragment of silver half-torque, iron ring 394 E . I s t vá n ovits / V. K u lcsá r 18. Nyíregyháza-Felsősima (motorway M 3, site 161), grave 97 (Hungary, County of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg) S-N oriented, looted grave of 23- to 60-year-old male, bordered by a ditch and accompanied by another grave. Iron looped broken strike-a-light with circular cross section of the loop and rectangular cross section of the body. Length: 8.4 cm; diameter of the loop: 1.5 cm (Fig. 3,1). Other inds: two-piece, low-cord iron ibula with inverted foot, two beads, bracelet, belt itting, iron knife, iron bracelet, irregularly shaped hydroquarzite (geyserite?) ire stone. 3rd century. Excavation by Eszter Istvánovits, unpubl. 19. Nyíregyháza-Felsősima (motorway M 3, site 16), grave 124 S-N oriented, looted grave of a 30- to 60-year-old person buried in a coin surrounded by a ditch. Between the limbs: iron looped strike-a-light with a circular cross section of the loop, the body of rectangular cross section slightly widening towards its end. Length: 7.2 cm; width: 1.4 cm; diameter of the loop: 1.1 cm (Fig. 3,4). Other inds: iron awl (Fig. 1,6), iron knife, wheel-made vessel. Exact dating is questionable. Excavation by Eszter Istvánovits, unpubl. 20. Szeged-Tápé, grave 5 (Hungary, County of Csongrád) S-N oriented, looted male grave. Fragment of an iron, slightly trapezoid, looped strike-a-light. Length: 5 cm; width: 1.4 cm (Fig. 3,9). Other inds: lint, handmade vessel, glass bead, fragment of a two-piece bronze ibula, fragments of an iron knife, fragment of an iron awl. 3rd– 4th century. Vörös 1996, 113; 133. 21. Szeged-Tápé, grave 22 SSW-NNE oriented, looted grave of an adult male. Fragmented iron looped strike-a-light. Length: 5.2 cm (Fig. 3,11). Other inds: fragment of an iron awl, two iron knives, burnt 1st- to 3rd- century Roman coin, fragments of an iron bracelet, glass bead. 3rd–4th century. Vörös 1996, 116; 133. 22. Szentes-Kistőke, grave 13 (Hungary, County of Csongrád) S-N oriented male grave. By the right hand: iron looped (?) strike-a-light and lint. Other inds: lint, two-piece bronze ibula, iron mounting, iron knife, small wheel-made vessel with handle. End of the 2nd to the 3rd century. Csallány 1936, 87. 23. Szentes-Kistőke, grave 123 Male grave. Iron looped strike-a-light. Other inds: lint, fragmented iron knife, iron buckle, two small bronze nail heads. End of the 2nd to the 3rd century. Párducz 1941, 49 pl. XVI,10. Szentes-Nagyhegy, grave 20 (Hungary, County of Csongrád) SE-NW oriented grave of a young woman. By the left foot, beside the remains of a casket with bronze mountings: iron looped strike-a-light (according to Párducz) or key (according to Gáspár; Fig. 4,5). Other inds: golden spangles, some in the shape of animals and three human masks decorating a headwear and a veil, two bronze or silver earrings, necklace including 81 carnelian, amber and glass beads, bronze ring, a swan-neck piece of bronze, V-shaped bronze pendant, wheel-made spindle whorl, thick bronze ring, chalcedony and chalk beads, bead decoration of the feet (359 and 343 amber and glass pieces), wheel-made red beaker, iron knife. 4th century. Párducz 1956, 144 pl. XXI ,4; XXII ,1.20; Gáspár 1986, 234; Istvánovits/Kulcsár 1998. 24. Sződliget-Csörög, grave 15 (Hungary, County of Pest) SW-NE oriented, looted grave of a 21+- year-old-male. Together with other pieces of ‘ shepherd’s purse ’ (iron awl in wooden sheath, hydroquarzite chipped stone): iron strike-a-light widening towards its lower end, perforated at the upper end. Other inds: knee ibula, two side fragments of handmade vessels, bronze strap-end belonging to a so-called Sarmatian buckle set, two side fragments of terra sigillata, side fragment of a red-painted Roman vessel. Excavation by Valéria Kulcsár, unpubl. 25. Sződliget-Csörög, grave 26 SEE-NWW oriented grave of an adult male. On the left limb: looped strike-a-light with rectangular cross section, widening towards its end (Fig. 3,8). Other inds: two ire stones, side fragments of a handmade vessel. End of the 2nd to beginning of the 3rd century. Excavation by Valéria Kulcsár, unpubl. 26. Tápiószele, Pedagógusilletmény földek, grave 10 (Hungary, County of Pest) SE-NW oriented looted male grave. Small, fragmented looped iron strike-a-light with rectangular body. Length: 4.3 cm; width: 0.8 cm; thickness: 0.2–0.3 cm. Other inds: fragments of various handmade vessels, fragments of iron knives. 2nd–3rd century. Dinnyés 1980, 192. 27. Tiszavasvári-Paptelekhát, grave 17 (Hungary, County of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg) W-E oriented grave. Iron looped strike-a-light (Fig. 3,6). Other inds: bronze bracelet, twelve beads (glass, chalk, carnelian), whetstone, iron knife, two iron fragments, ive lints. Exact dating is questionable. Istvánovits 1990, 99–100 pl. XXIV,3. Üllő 9. lh. feature 697 (Hungary, County of Pest) Beehive-shaped settlement pit. Iron implement bent from a corroded, narrow, plain band with a loop – strike-a-light? Other inds: grey gritty pottery. End of the 3rd to the 4th century. Unpubl. excavation by Valéria Kulcsár. 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Vörös, Temetkezési szokások és viselet egy dél-alföldi szarmata temetőben (Szeged-Tápé) [Bestattungssitten und Trachten eines sarmatischen Gräberfeldes in der südlichen Tiefebene (Szeged-Tápé)]. Móra Ferenc Múz. Évk. – Stud. Arch. II, 1996, 111–176. Vörös 2015 G. Vörös, Szarmata temetőrészlet Kunfehértóról a 2–3. századból. Halasi Múz. (Emlékkönyv a Thorma János Múzeum 140. évfordulójára) 4, 2015, 65–85. Contact information Eszter Istvánovits Jósa András Museum Benczúr tér 21 HU-4400 Nyíregyháza istvanov@josamuzeum.hu Valéria Kulcsár University of Szeged Egyetem u. 2 HU-6722 Szeged vkulcsar58@gmail.com Looped Strike -a-li g h ts 397